We estimated one additional model employing Sex, Age, and two indicators of each work latent: y 2 and y 3 for Work Content, y 5 and y 6 for Work Context, and y 9 and y 10 for Work Environment. This model also fails to match the covariance data (χ 2 = 132.9 with 12 degrees of freedom and p=.0000) and displays the same scattered pattern of residual ill covariance fit, and numerous substantial modification indices connecting Sex, Age, and the work latents (via cross-loadings) to the work indicators. This instructs us that even pairs of indicators can sometimes detect problematic configural models, and implicitly instructs us that appropriate causal model specifications for these particular data may require some single-indicated work latents [25]. The diagnostics in the paired-indicators model became more focused than the diagnostics for the models having multiple indicators, and highlighted specific theoretical/methodological issues and options. This suggests it may be useful to begin measurement invariance testing with a configural model containing the few best indicators, rather than beginning with multiple indicators.
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Fusion validity assessments employ structural equation models to investigate whether an existing scale functions in accordance with theory. Fusion validity parallels criterion validity by depending on correlations with non-scale variables but differs from criterion validity because it requires at least one theorized effect of the scale, and because both the scale and scaled-items are included in the model. Fusion validity, like construct validity, will be most informative if the scale is embedded in as full a substantive context as theory permits. Appropriate scale functioning in a comprehensive theoretical context greatly enhances a scale's validity. Inappropriate scale functioning questions the scale but the scale's theoretical embedding encourages detailed diagnostic investigations potentially challenging specific items, the procedure used to calculate scale values, or aspects of the theory, but also possibly recommends incorporating additional items into the scale. The scaled items should have survived prior content and methodological assessments but the items may or may not reflect a common factor because items having diverse causal backgrounds can sometimes fuse to form a unidimensional entity. Though items reflecting a common cause can be assessed for fusion validity, we illustrate fusion validity in the more challenging context of a scale comprised of diverse items and embedded in a complicated theory. Specifically we consider the Leadership scale from the Alberta Context Tool with care aides working in Canadian long-term care homes.
The IPSBQ can be used by researchers and practitioners working in areas of healthcare improvement, implementation, and patient safety. Further research should be undertaken to fully understand the uses and limitations of the measure, but initial results suggest that it demonstrates reliable and valid properties for assessing the psychosocial factors affecting practitioner behavior change. These findings provide sufficient support to suggest that this measure can be used to identify barriers to behavior change among healthcare staff; the next stage should be to discover if this measure can be used as a tool for informing the development of theoretically informed tailored interventions. It is recommended that the IPSBQ be used in future research to understand whether targeting key domains with matched interventions can change practitioner behaviors for patient safety.
Finally, ambivalent individuals whose caregivers provided them with an environment full of contradictions and contradictory messages may not be able to form suitable narratives and reminiscences. They also are not capable to present coherent and integrated reminiscences with a clear message, and their messages during the reminiscence are sometimes contradictory, without accurate timing. This can lead to their reluctance to express narrative-transmissive reminiscence and, as a result, reduces their sense of happiness.
This study uses survey data collected from active female entrepreneurs across Japan. The questionnaire items of this survey were adopted from the previous literature. The original English version was translated into Japanese by the authors. We conducted a set of two pilot tests with a group of ten female entrepreneurs between June and July 2015 to check the content and relevance of the items before emailing a packet that included our questionnaires together with a cover letter to the population of interest. Based on the feedback received from the pilot group, we carefully amended the questionnaire to clarify the wording of ambiguous questions prior to survey distribution and data collection. 2ff7e9595c
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